基于温敏变色材料的红外智能窗制备及性能研究文献综述

1. 文献综述（或调研报告）：

热致变色智能窗根据使用材料的种类可以分为无机材料^[14,15]、有机材料^[16,17]、无机-有机复合材料^[9,18]。其中无机材料研究最比较多的是金属氧化物二氧化钒（VO₂）^[14,15]和钙钛矿材料^[19,20]等,有机材料主要研究的材料有聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）（PNIPAM）^[16,17]、羟丙基纤维素（HPC）^[21]等，无机-有机复合材料目前研究的有VO₂与PNIPAM复合材料^[9,18]等。

研究者们在改善VO₂的使用性能方面做出了大量的努力。Hao^[22]等制备了VO₂（M）/TiN混合涂层，这种涂层在室温附近实现了近红外光的有效透过与屏蔽，性能相比纯VO₂（M）有较大提升。此外，由于纯VO₂（M）相变温度较高，Zhao^[23]等将W元素掺杂到VO₂（M）薄膜中，W⁶ 离子的引入引起了晶格畸变，并且使VO₂（M）内部电子密度增加，从而降低了相变温度。此外，Fe^[24]、Al^[25]、B^[26]和Fe/Mg^[27]等元素掺杂或元素共掺杂的方式也能降低VO₂的相变温度。此外，VO₂由于其高反射，在可见光波段透过率不到40%，故通常采用在VO₂薄膜上沉积减反射层的方法来增透。Xu^[28]等采用可移动的水作减反射层制备的VO₂/H₂O多层薄膜展示了高达18.2%的光调制能力，并且可见光透过率相比纯 VO₂也有所提高；此外，还可以借助水的挥发与凝结来达到一种多模式调控的效果。

PNIPAM是一种温度响应型聚合物，其低临界溶解温度（LCST）为32℃。当温度小于32℃时，PNIPAM分子内部的酰胺基与水分子之间存在较强的氢键作用，从而表现出良好的亲水性，凝胶呈现一种溶胀状态，水溶液保持透明；当温度升高到32℃时，凝胶的疏水作用增强，高分子链剧烈收缩并相互缠结，导致溶液变得不透明^[8]。这种近室温转变的特性使得它很适合用作智能窗材料。但是，仍有很多问题制约着PNIPAM的实际应用，比如亲疏水性的转变会引起薄膜的收缩和扩张从而影响智能的完整性；此外，PNIPAM响应速度过慢以及高温下处于完全不透明状态也会严重影响智能窗的使用性能。为了改善PNIPAM响应速度过慢的问题，Lee H Y^[16]等将ATO（10%原子含量Sb掺杂SnO₂）与PNIPAM混合制制备一种杂化水凝胶，由于ATO纳米粒子所具有的局部表面等离子体共振（LSPR）使得它具有很强的近红外吸收能力,所以制备的水凝胶能够同时对光和热响应，从而使水凝胶的响应速度加快。但是，PNIPAM的其他缺点还制约着其使用，因此还需要进行广泛研究。

此外， VO₂/PNIPAM有机无机复合材料能够结合两种材料的优点，因此也吸引了研究者的关注。Zhou^[9]等首次将无机材料与有机材料相结合来制备智能窗材料，他们制备的VO₂ /PNIPAM复合纳米热致变色材料太阳光调制能力达到34.7%，并且平均可见光透过率维持在62.6%，性能均优于所使用的无机材料和有机材料。但是VO₂ /PNIPAM复合材料的实际应用还受限于两种材料本身的缺陷，所以还需要对两种材料进行改性研究。

四、方案（设计方案、或研究方案、研制方案）论证：

主要的研究内容：

（1）采用VO₂本征改性的方法，从VO₂制备方法上入手，利用溶剂热法，水热法，磁控溅射等方法制备不同结构的VO₂基纳米薄膜；

（2）对VO₂进行新的元素掺杂，寻找能够在低掺杂条件下大幅降低VO₂相变温度并且VO₂其他性能较少降低的元素；

（3）在玻璃衬底上沉积减反射层，并在VO₂表面沉积保护层，探究这种三明治结构对VO₂用作智能窗性能的影响；

（4）对VO₂进行杂化复合，将具有光电磁等效应的特殊粒子与VO₂进行复合，探究这些粒子对VO₂性能的影响，并寻求其规律；

（5）将以上两种或多种方法进行有机复合，或者将电致变色等不同机理与热致变色相结合，寻求改善VO₂性能的最佳途径。

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