数字乡村发展水平的区域差异与空间趋同分析：来自中国的理论和证据外文翻译资料

数字乡村发展水平的区域差异与空间趋同分析：来自中国的理论和证据

原文作者 李小景 Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel 夏先丽

单位 烟台大学 西北农林大学

摘要：在全球互联网快速发展的背景下，评估不同区域的数字乡村发展水平（DVI）对农村数字发展领域的政策制定和科学研究具有重要意义。在利用2005—2008年省区面板数据对数字发展水平进行测量的基础上，利用Dagum Gini系数分解和空间收敛方法探讨了数字发展水平发展差异的成因。研究发现：（1）在整个样本期间，中国的数字发展水平和四大区域表现出明显的上升趋势，最高的在东部地区，西部地区最低，但DVI在不同省份的发展显示区域非平衡特征。（2）数字发展水平在空间和地理分布上具有典型的集聚效应，区域差异是中国数字发展水平发生差异的主要来源，但整体区域差异呈减小趋势。（3）除东北地区外，其余三个地区均存在sigma;-收敛；各区域均有显著的条件beta;收敛，但收敛速度存在显著差异。（4）农村人口密度、产业结构和经济发展水平显著影响DVI。因此，我们建议加强区域间的联系和要素流动，通过合作互助实现区域整体数字发展水平的改善。

关键词：数字乡村发展指数； 区域差异； 分解；收敛

1. 引言

以互联网为核心的数字信息技术逐渐转化为新的生产要素和治理工具，成为当前经济高质量发展的重要推动力和构建现代社会治理体系的重要支撑力量。根据《2019年中国互联网发展报告》，截至2019年6月，中国农村互联网用户已达2.25亿人。农村地区的互联网普及率约为46%。为进一步发挥数字信息技术在农业和农村经济社会发展中的重要作用，国家有关部门还出台相关政策文件，指导数字信息技术的发展。但在实践中，数字乡村建设为各地农村发展提供了新思路和新机遇。然而，由于我国各地区在资源禀赋、信息基础设施、经济发展等方面存在较大差距，各地数字乡村乡村发展水平存在显著差距。因此，有必要研究我国不同地区数字乡村发展水平的动态变化，揭示不同地区数字乡村发展水平的区域差异、来源和趋同特征数字乡村在世界各国的发展也存在明显的异质性。美国农业部农村发展办公室宣布了一系列农村建设和金融支持政策，以帮助美国农村社区改善经济和生活质量。美国采用先进无线研究平台项目，探索农村宽带的不同交付模式，并实施诸如精准农业等创新解决方案。印度政府最近制定了一项名为“数字乡村”的计划，为印度乡村提供免费的WIFI服务，这将进一步推动农村的无现金支付模式。康沃尔处于英国农村数字化战略的前沿，实施了宽带接入、数字培训、社区数字中心和电子医疗等创新措施，并引进了V . r等最先进的技术和虚拟现实活动缩小数字鸿沟。为了解决农村人口向外迁移的挑战，芬兰政府对“智慧村”进行了多年的研究。数字服务被认为是保持乡村活力的基础，主要措施包括数字教育、电子保健、远程办公和数字培训。至于数字乡村的概念而言,一些学者已经确定安全、幸福和快乐的一些参数的数字乡村，Visvizi Lytras指出，它可以从研究的智能城市在乡村微观层面开展土地利用研究，为数字乡村研究提供思路。在欧盟委员会的文件中，数字乡村和智能乡村被定义为农村地区和社区以其现有的优势和资产为基础，以及开发附加价值的新机会，利用数字通信技术、创新、以及更好地利用知识为居民谋福利。我们主要指的是中国政府的官方政策文件和农村发展的实践，相信DVI指农村依靠数字经济的发展，现代信息网络作为重要载体，和数字技术创新作为农村发展的核心驱动力。

数字乡村建设是未来中国农村新的增长亮点，数字乡村的理论认知和实践探索已成为学术界和业界研究的热点。许多学者从跨学科的角度对数字乡村乡村落进行了多维度的研究，但目前还没有统一的DVI测量标准。Shen等通过梳理农村居民信息化的微观指标，从信息设备的使用、信息需求的获取与利用、信息公共服务等方面构建了数字乡村乡村的微观测度模型，利用熵权法测量DVI水平；Zhang等构建了数字乡村宏观环境、基础设施支撑、信息环境、政府环境和应用环境五个维度的评价指标体系，测度了2013 - 2017年我国31个省、自治区数字乡村的发展水平；Fang从农村发展的角度构建了数字乡村发展评价指标体系，选取了科技农业、智慧农民、数字经济、网络政务、智能环境、现代医疗福利、数字基础设施七个维度。

这对本研究具有重要的参考价值。但也存在一些不足之处:由于指标体系选择的角度和侧重点不同，数字乡村乡村发展水平的测度会存在较大差异，学者们尚未达成共识。其他测量方法的适用性广泛，导致测量结果存在差异。现有的关于数字乡村的研究大多停留在理论层面。中国数字乡村的区域差异、空间分布和随机收敛研究尚不系统。关于这个数字乡村发展的文献讨论了许多指标，包括数字化、智能化和互联网，但缺乏科学论文或更多的研究来证实这一点。智慧乡村或数字乡村乡村的发展是未来可持续发展和社会整体发展需要考虑的关键问题之一。本文构建了一个多层次的综合指标体系来衡量数字乡村的水平，并从空间异质性和驱动因素等方面进行了探讨，旨在为世界范围内更大范围的发展中国家提供信息。国家发展数字乡村和智慧乡村提供了可行的思路，本文将只从理论层面探讨如何建设智慧乡村，并拓展到更详细的方面，以帮助其他地区更准确地弥补数字乡村发展的不足。

1. 结论和政策建议

本研究发现，我国数字乡村乡村发展水平区域间不均衡，省、区之间发展水平差异较大。但省域间数字乡村乡村发展水平呈现明显的集聚效应，区域间发展水平差异逐渐缩小。而且，随着时间的推移，区域间数字乡村的发展水平正在向各自的稳态水平靠拢，而这种稳态水平取决于各省自身的特点。这意味着各省数字乡村的稳态水平不同，各省之间的数字乡村发展差距将持续存在。因此，在制定数字乡村总体发展政策的过程中，需要制定与各地区差异化的政策和发展规划相一致的政策和发展规划。

基于实证研究结论和相关分析，具体的政策建议包括以下几个方面:必须高度重视国家数字乡村发展的空间相关性和非均衡性特征;由于我国数字乡村乡村发展水平存在显著的正空间相关性和集聚效应，各省数字乡村乡村发展水平受到周边省份的影响。因此，有必要加强与周边地区的交流合作，通过跨区域的合作与交流，建设一个典型的国家。建立全方位、多领域的区域数字乡村乡村落交流合作机制，有效发挥区域政策协同效应和高水平数字乡村乡村落区域示范引领作用。同时，要重视“增长极”在跨省数字乡村发展中的辐射和带动作用。知识溢出、技术扩散、产业联动应促进合作社区等数字乡村发展要素的流动和共享，削弱和消除潜在的两极分化。政府应该关注Moran s I散点图中的LL省份，防止这些省份陷入“锁定”到低水平的路径依赖陷阱。对这些省份来说，有必要率先培育几个有基础、有发展潜力的城市，把它们建设成为全省数字乡村的增长极。发展具有辐射带动作用，提高了各省数字乡村发展水平。最后，由于发展基础和资源禀赋的差异，数字乡村在各个国家地区的发展是不均衡的，国家和四大地区的融合情况也有所不同。因此，政府部门应因地制宜，因地制宜地制定数字乡村发展政策。除了在中西部和东北地区创造良好的要素流动外，还需要提高数字乡村发展的总体建设能力。通过双管齐下的方式，区域和跨省数字乡村的协同效应实现，兼顾效率和公平，有利于数字乡村的发展。当然，虽然目前的研究证实了对中国数字乡村评估的潜在贡献，但仍存在一定的局限性，希望在未来进行研究和解决。首先，由于数据收集的困难，特别是缺乏数据来自台湾，香港和澳门，本文仅覆盖中国大陆31个省和地区的数据，导致不完整的发展水平评价的数字在中国农村作为一个整体。其次，仅从计量经济学的角度对影响我国数字乡村指数的因素进行了探讨，目前的研究缺乏更广泛范围的评价和更全面的评价。因此，未来的工作将扩大调查的范围，使本研究更具普遍性。我们还采用熵权法来度量数字乡村的指标权重。但该方法是一种客观赋权法，根据每个指标值所包含的信息量来确定决策指标的权重，因此评价结果可能与实际情况相差较大。今后应适当结合主观赋权法，更科学地确定评价指标的权重。

外文文献出处： Agriculture, 2022, 12(2): 164.

附外文文献原文

Analysis on Regional Differences and Spatial Convergence of Digital Village Development Level: Theory and Evidence from China

Xiaojing Li , Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel and Xianli Xia

Abstract: In the context of the rapid development of the global Internet, evaluating the digital village development level (DVI) in different regions is important for policy formulation and scientific research in the field of rural digital development. Based on the measurement of DVI using panel data of provinces from 2005 to 2018, we also explored the causes of DVI development differences using the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and spatial convergence method. The study found that: (1) During the whole sample period, the DVI in China and the four major regions showed a significant upward trend as a whole, with the highest in the eastern region and the lowest in the western region, but the development of DVI among different provinces showed regional non-equilibrium characteristics. (2) DVI has a typical agglomeration effect in the spatial and geographical distribution, and regional differences are the primary source of differences in DVI development in China, but the overall regional differences show a decreasing trend. (3) Except for the northeast region, sigma;-convergence exists in the other three regions; in addition, all regions have significant conditional beta;-convergence, but the convergence speed is significantly different. (4) Rural population density, industrial structure, and economic development level significantly affect DVI. Therefore, we suggest strengthening the inter-regional connection and element flow and realizing the improvement of the overall DVI of the region through cooperation and mutual assistance.

Keywords: digital village development index; regional difference; decomposition; convergence

1. Introduction

Digital information technology with the Internet as the core has gradually transformed into new production factors and governance tools, becoming an important driving force for the current high-quality economic development and a vital support force for building a modern social governance system [1–3]. According to the China Internet Development Report 2019, as of June 2019, the number of Internet users in rural China has reached 225 million. The Internet penetration rate in rural areas is about 46%. To further utilize the critical

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Analysis on Regional Differences and Spatial Convergence of Digital Village Development Level: Theory and Evidence from China

Xiaojing Li , Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel and Xianli Xia

Abstract: In the context of the rapid development of the global Internet, evaluating the digital village development level (DVI) in different regions is important for policy formulation and scientific research in the field of rural digital development. Based on the measurement of DVI using panel data of provinces from 2005 to 2018, we also explored the causes of DVI development differences using the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and spatial convergence method. The study found that: (1) During the whole sample period, the DVI in China and the four major regions showed a significant upward trend as a whole, with the highest in the eastern region and the lowest in the western region, but the development of DVI among different provinces showed regional non-equilibrium characteristics. (2) DVI has a typical agglomeration effect in the spatial and geographical distribution, and regional differences are the primary source of differences in DVI development in China, but the overall regional differences show a decreasing trend. (3) Except for the northeast region, sigma;-convergence exists in the other three regions; in addition, all regions have significant conditional beta;-convergence, but the convergence speed is significantly different. (4) Rural population density, industrial structure, and economic development level significantly affect DVI. Therefore, we suggest strengthening the inter-regional connection and element flow and realizing the improvement of the overall DVI of the region through cooperation and mutual assistance.

Keywords: digital village development index; regional difference; decomposition; convergence

1. Introduction

Digital information technology with the Internet as the core has gradually transformed into new production factors and governance tools, becoming an important driving force for the current high-quality economic development and a vital support force for building a modern social governance system [1–3]. According to the China Internet Development Report 2019, as of June 2019, the number of Internet users in rural China has reached 225 million. The Internet penetration rate in rural areas is about 46%. To further utilize the critical role of digital information technology in agricultural and rural economic and social development, the national government departments also issued relevant policy documents to guide its development. However, in practice, the construction of a digital village provides new ideas and new opportunities for rural development in various regions [4]. However, due to the large gap in resource endowment, information infrastructure, and economic development among different regions in China, there is a significant gap in the development level of digital villages in the various areas [5]. Therefore, research on the dynamic changes of the digital rural development level in different regions of China and revealing the regional differences, sources, and convergence characteristics of the digital rural development level in different regions was necessary

There is also apparent heterogeneity in the development of digital villages in different countries worldwide. The U.S. Department of Agriculturersquo;s Office of Rural Development announced a series of policies for rural construction and financial support to help rural American communities improve their economy and quality of life. The United States adopted the Advanced Wireless Research Platform project to explore different delivery models of rural broadband and implement innovative solutions such as precision agriculture [6]. The Indian government has recently formulated a plan called “Digital Village” to provide free WIFI service to Indian villages, which will further promote the cashless payment mode in villages [7]. Cornwall is at the forefront of the U.K.rsquo;s rural digitization strategy , implementing innovative measures such as broadband access, digital training, community digital centers, and e-health, and introducing the most advanced technologies such as V .R. and virtual reality activities to narrow the digital divide [8]. In order to solve the challenges of out-migration in rural areas, the Finnish government has researched “smart villages” for many years. Digital services are considered the foundation for maintaining a vibrant village, and the main measures include digital education, e-health, telecommuting, and digital training [9]. As far as the concept of the digital village is concerned, some scholars have determined that safety , security , well-being, and happiness are some of the parameters of the digital village [10], and Visvizi and Lytras [11] pointed out that it can learn from the research of the smart city and equalize it. The research on the land application is carried out at the micro-level of villages, which can provide ideas for the study of digital villages. In the European Commission document, digital villages and smart villages are defined as rural areas, and communities that build on their existing strengths and assets, as well as new opportunities to develop added value and where traditional and new networks are enhanced using digital communications technologies, innovations, and the better use of knowledge for the benefit of inhabitants [12]. We mainly refer to the official policy documents of the Chinese government and the practice of rural development and believe that DVI refers to the development of rural areas relying on the digital economy , with modern information networks as an essential carrier, and digital technology innovation as the core driving force for rural development.

The construction of a digital village is a new growth highlight of Chinarsquo;s rural areas in the future, so the digital villagersquo;s theoretical cognition and practi

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