美好的生活：体验式消费，追求幸福外文翻译资料

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A wonderful life: experiential consumption and the pursuit of happiness

Abstract

To live in the developed world is to live in a consumerist society. Although the broader forces that created this society have led to unprecedented material abundance, scholars have maintained that these benefits have come at a significant psychological cost. An important question, then, is how these psychological costs can be minimized. With that in mind, we review research showing that people derive more satisfaction from experiential purchases than material purchases. We then summarize the findings of an extensive program of research on the psychological mechanisms that underlie this difference. This research indicates that experiential purchases provide greater satisfaction and happiness because: (1) Experiential purchases enhance social relations more readily and effectively than material goods; (2) Experiential purchases form a bigger part of a personrsquo;s identity; and (3) Experiential purchases are evaluated more on their own terms and evoke fewer social comparisons than material purchases. We conclude by discussing how social policy might be altered to take advantage of the greater hedonic return offered by experiential investments, thus advancing societal well-being.

Keywords: Experiential consumption; Well-being; Materialism; Happiness

“Whoever said money canrsquo;t buy happiness simply didnrsquo;t know where to go shopping”– Bo Derek

If Bo knows money, societal well-being could be enhanced by examining the kinds of purchases that provide the surest and most enduring satisfaction. Some efforts to do just that have been reported (Dunn, Gilbert, amp; Wilson, 2011; Dunn amp; Norton, 2013) and they represent an important component of the positive psychology movement (Gable amp; Haidt, 2005; Seligman, 2002; Seligman amp; Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; Sheldon amp; King, 2001; Sin amp; Lyubomirsky, 2009). Peoplersquo;s lives can be enriched by redirecting expenditures from things that provide fleeting joy to those that provide more substantial and lasting contributions to well-being. In this article, we review a program of research devoted to that same goal, one that focuses on the value people tend to derive from spending their money on experiences versus possessions (Carter amp; Gilovich, 2014; Van Boven amp; Gilovich,2003).

The distinction between material and experiential purchases was introduced by Van Boven and Gilovich (2003), who defined the former as “spending money with the primary intention of acquiring a material possession – a tangible object that you obtain and keep in your possession” and the latter as “spending money with the primary intention of acquiring a life experience—an event or series of events that you personally encounter or live through,” (p. 1194). Research participants, lecture audiences, and journal readers readily understand the distinction and agree that such things as furniture, clothing, laptops, and televisions are material goods and such purchases as restaurant meals, concert tickets, theme park passes, and vacations constitute experiences. People also recognize, however, that the distinction is not always clear-cut, as some purchases are both undeniably a material good.

and something that serves as a vehicle for experience – a bicycle, for example. The existence of a fuzzy boundary between experiences and possessions can complicate research on this topic, but it also presents an opportunity: Sometimes the very same purchase can be described in material or experiential terms and researchers can examine the hedonic consequences of framing the purchase one way or the other while holding its objective qualities constant. We describe instances of this sort of framing below.

The ambiguous nature of some (and only some) purchases highlights the fact that it is not whether a purchase is material or experiential per se that determines the satisfaction people derive from it. Purchases do not come stamped as “experiences” or “possessions.” Instead, it is the set of psychological processes that tend to be

美好的生活：体验式消费，追求幸福

摘要：

我们生活在发大世界的同时，也是生活在一个消费社会。尽管创造这个社会的广泛力量已经导致前所未有的丰富物质基础，学者们一致认为这些好处会带来很大的心里成本。一个重要的问题，那么，如何将这些心里成本最小化。有了这样的想法，我们的研究显示，相比于物质消费，人们在体验消费中得到更大的满足。然后我们总结了一个关于这两种之间差异的心理机制的广泛研究的研究成果。这项研究表明，体验式消费能带来更大的满足感和幸福感是因为：（1）体验式消费相比纯物质消费更能现实而有效的加强社会关系。（2）体验式消费能带来更强的自我认同感。（3）体验式消费更多的是对于自己的评估，相比物质消费引起更少的社会比较。我们通过探讨社会政策将会如何改变以利用体验式投资而带来的享乐回报，从而推进社会福利。

关键词：体验式消费；幸福感；唯物主义；快乐

“那些说金钱没法买到幸福感的人只是不知道如何去消费”——博 德里克

如果博了解钱，就能通过体验能带来最可靠和持久满意度的消费能加强社会幸福感。人们尝试去了解积极的心理变化的组成成分。通过将人们的消费从那些提供短暂愉悦感的事物重新定位到那些提供更多实质性和持久性贡献的幸福感的事物，能够丰富人们的生活。在这篇文章中，我们回顾了致力于同一个目标的的研究计划，致力于了解于人们意图从体验和物质消费中获得的价值。

万博文和季洛维奇（2003）介绍了物质消费与体验式消费的区别，同时将前者定义为“通过购买物质财产——所拥有财产中有形的物件”将后者定义为“在购买时获得生活中的体验感——一个或者一系列在生活中经历或遇到的事件”。研究参与者，演讲观众，以及杂志读者乐意理解的区别以及赞同如同家具，服装，笔记本电脑或者电视机等是物质产品，而类似餐饮，音乐会，门票，主题公园，休假等构成体验感。然而人们也意识到，这种区别并不总是明确的，例如有些消费不可否认既是物质产品又能作为一种体验消费，就像自行车。物质和体验的模糊边界使研究变得复杂化，但也同时提供了一个机会：有时类似的消费可以被看做是物质的或者体验的，研究人员可以研究通过一种或多种方式构建保持其客观质量不变的消费所带来的享乐体验。下面我们为这种构建方式带来了几种实例。

一些（仅一些）消费的模糊性突出了一个事实，那就是人们的满足感不是由该消费方式是物质的或是体验性的来决定的。消费不应被贴上“物质”或者“体验”的标签。相反的，它是体验和物质产品能带来多少满足感而产生的一系列心理变化过程。我们因此研究相对另一种类型消费能引起更多心理变化过程并且因此带来更多或更少的享受和持久的满足感的消费。在这样做时，我们的目标是发现物质-体验二分法背后影响幸福感的不同规模特点。

物质和体验式消费的享乐回报

证据证明体验式能从多方面来带更多更持久的满足感。万博文和季洛维奇（2003）要求参与者思考最近一次的超过100美元物质或体验消费，然后按比例估算他们从中获得的愉悦感。参与者们表现出在体验式消费中获得更多的快乐。在另一项研究中，利用受试者内设计，美国的一个样本被要求陈述在他的物质消费和体验式消费中，哪一个带来更多的幸福感。跨越各种各样的人口统计学类别（年龄，种族，性别，收入，婚姻状况，地区国家），多数人

invoked by experiences and material goods that determine how much satisfaction they provide. We therefore examine the psychological processes that tend to be induced more by one type of purchase than the other and hence bring about more or less enjoyment and enduring satisfaction. In doing so, our aim is to uncover the diff

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