人道主义非政府组织的自然灾害应急管理系统外文翻译资料

A natural-disaster management DSS for Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organisations

Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) play a growing role in the response to natural disasters, but despite being largely demanded, there is no available decision support system (DSS) specifically designed to address their problem. In this paper we present a decision support system (DSS) to aid those Humanitarian NGOs concerned with the response to natural disasters. Such a DSS has been designed avoiding sophisticated methodologies that may exceed the infrastructural requirements and constraints of emergency management by NGOs. A data-based, two-level knowledge methodology which allows damage assessment of multiple disaster scenarios is presented in order to address that problem. Validation results show viability of our approach.

1. Introduction

In recent years, natural disasters have been affecting an increasing numbers of people throughout the world. Budgets and organisations devoted to emergency and humanitarian aid have experienced an important growth, and, consequently, efficiency in disaster management becomes crucial.

Let us first introduce some useful concepts and ideas in order to get a better understanding about why it is important to support those decision makers within disaster-concerned NGOs, and how a specific DSS could be devised for this purpose.

We all know that a natural disaster is something related with adverse natural phenomena, but it is not the phenomena itself. In order to clear this issue, suppose that the same adverse phenomena (the same type of phenomena with the same magnitude), say a flood or an earthquake, strikes on two different places. Itrsquo;s not hard to imagine a scenario in which one of the places remained almost intact while the other one suffered heavy damage to its population and commodities, which better fit into the conception of a natural disaster. Indeed, taking in consideration only one place, for instance a city, it is unusual the damage to be homogeneous. We rather use to find that the worst damage was concentrated on some neighbourhoods, the others being not so seriously affected. So then, adverse phenomena are not the only factor to consider when dealing with natural disasters and its causes and consequences. Itrsquo;s necessary to take into account some others concepts, the most important of them being the one of vulnerability.

Vulnerability is a fruitful concept, especially if it is understood as comprising not only physical factors (e.g. lifeline systems, buildings, infrastructure, geological and topographical features, emergency resources, etc.) but also the psycho-sociological ones (education, training in emergency response, information, social and political structure, reciprocity relations, etc.), see Refs. It allows us to explain the phenomena consequences on the above examplersquo;s city by saying that the latter neighbourhoods (which include inhabitants) were less vulnerable than the former

ones. Moreover, it allows conceiving a disaster as the conjunction of adverse natural phenomena and specific vulnerable communities. Last, but not least, it also allows us to devise a general way

to mitigate disastersrsquo; effects, obviously consisting on vulnerabilityrsquo;s reduction.

Disastersrsquo;effects mitigation is an issue of growing importance in the current globalised world, and not only for humanitarian reasons. As shown in Ref. [17], the impact of a disaster in a region, if not treated properly, could produce political and social instability and affect to international safety and relations. Moreover, as pointed out in Ref. [14], there is some evidence of an increasing trend of weather-related hazards, due perhaps to climate changes.

Agreeing with the Comprehensive Emergency Management framework [8], disastersrsquo; mitigation (or equivalently, vulnerabilityrsquo;s reduction), is a task which usually implies several phases, as preparation, response or recuperation (see for instance [25]). It is important to note that action should be carried out before, during and after the disaster strike. As already pointed out, the concept of communityrsquo;s vulnerability reflects a complex reality which comprises physical as well as psycho-sociological factors interacting among them and with the natural phenomena. As a consequence, disaster management and mitigation is not an easy task and usually requires a big amount of analysis and resources in order to design the right policy (reduce vulnerability) at the right place (vulnerable groups) [16]. Such a complexity suggests the introduction of the decision support (DSS) methodology in order to, for instance, assess vulnerability or develop emergency planning [25].

Not surprisingly, it is impossible to totally reduce risks and vulnerability. In practice, many developing countries and even many social groups within developed countries are really far away from relative safety (see Refs. [16,26], for example). Local public administration is not always concerned with or capable of performing direct actions towards vulnerability reduction (and even neither indirect measures when such a public administration almost does not exist). In fact, the tendency within many nations is to deal with the disaster after it happens (see Ref. [1]). Emergency response and international relief operations are therefore necessary concepts to be taken into account in order to develop practices that complement prevention and complete global disaster mitigation policies.

Having in mind the above considerations, it is easy to realize the key role that relief-concerned NGOs actually play on global disaster mitigation. For instance, due to their political neutrality and links with target population, some NGOs have access to politically instable countries which otherwise would not allow any exterior interference. In fact, NGOs and UN international relief agencies channels more than a 6

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A natural-disaster management DSS for Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organisations

人道主义非政府组织的自然灾害应急管理系统

Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) play a growing role in the response to natural disasters, but despite being largely demanded, there is no available decision support system (DSS) specifically designed to address their problem. In this paper we present a decision support system (DSS) to aid those Humanitarian NGOs concerned with the response to natural disasters. Such a DSS has been designed avoiding sophisticated methodologies that may exceed the infrastructural requirements and constraints of emergency management by NGOs. A data-based, two-level knowledge methodology which allows damage assessment of multiple disaster scenarios is presented in order to address that problem. Validation results show viability of our approach.

人道主义非政府组织在应对自然灾害中发挥的作用越来越大，但尽管对非政府组织的需求很高，却没有可用的专为解决他们的问题的决策支持系统。在本文中，我们提出一个决策支持系统，以帮助应对自然灾害的人道主义非政府组织。这样的决策支持系统的设计避免了可能会超过非政府组织的基础设施需求与应急管理的约束。基于数据的，两个层次的知识方法，它允许多个场景灾害损失评估的提出是为了解决这一问题。验证结果表明我们的方法的可行性。

1. Introduction 介绍

In recent years, natural disasters have been affecting an increasing numbers of people throughout the world. Budgets and organisations devoted to emergency and humanitarian aid have experienced an important growth, and, consequently, efficiency in disaster management becomes crucial.

近年来，自然灾害已在全世界影响了越来越多的人。对紧急和人道主义援助投入的经费和组织有大幅度的增长，因此，在灾害管理中效率变得至关重要。

Let us first introduce some useful concepts and ideas in order to get a better understanding about why it is important to support those decision makers within disaster-concerned NGOs, and how a specific DSS could be devised for this purpose.

让我们先介绍一些有用的概念和想法，来对为什么支持参与灾害管理的非政府组织中的决策者是很重要的，以及特定的DSS是如何用于此目的的有更深的理解。

We all know that a natural disaster is something related with adverse natural phenomena, but it is not the phenomena itself. In order to clear this issue, suppose that the same adverse phenomena (the same type of phenomena with the same magnitude), say a flood or an earthquake, strikes on two different places. Itrsquo;s not hard to imagine a scenario in which one of the places remained almost intact while the other one suffered heavy damage to its population and commodities, which better fit into the conception of a natural disaster. Indeed, taking in consideration only one place, for instance a city, it is unusual the damage to be homogeneous. We rather use to find that the worst damage was concentrated on some neighbourhoods, the others being not so seriously affected. So then, adverse phenomena are not the only factor to consider when dealing with natural disasters and its causes and consequences. Itrsquo;s necessary to take into account some others concepts, the most important of them being the one of vulnerability.

我们都知道，自然灾害是一些与不良的自然现象有关，但它不是现象本身。为了解释清楚此问题，假设相同的不良的自然现象（具有相同的数量级相同类型的现象），比如说洪水，地震，在两个不同的地方发生。这不是很难想象一个场景，其中的一个地方几乎不受影响，而另一个地方的人口和商品遭受巨大损害，这样就更能理解自然灾害的概念。事实上，只考虑一个地方，例如一个城市，这里不寻常的损害是均匀的。我们更愿意寻找一些损害集中的社区，而不是其他损害不是那么严重的地方。那么，不良现象不是考虑引起自然灾害的原因和结果的唯一因素。有必要考虑到其他一些概念，其中最重要的就是漏洞之一。

Vulnerability is a fruitful concept, especially if it is understood as comprising not only physical factors (e.g. lifeline systems, buildings, infrastructure, geological and topographical features, emergency resources, etc.) but also the psycho-sociological ones (education, training in emergency response, information, social and political structure, reciprocity relations, etc.), see Refs. It allows us to explain the phenomena consequences on the above examplersquo;s city by saying that the latter neighbourhoods (which include inhabitants) were less vulnerable than the former ones. Moreover, it allows conceiving a disaster as the conjunction of adverse natural phenomena and specific vulnerable communities. Last, but not least, it also allows us to devise a general way to mitigate disastersrsquo; effects, obviously consisting on vulnerabilityrsquo;s reduction.

漏洞是一个内涵丰富的概念，尤其是如果它被理解为不仅包括物理因素（如生命线系统，建筑，基础设施，地质和地形特点，应急资源等），也有心理社会学的因素（教育，培训应急对此，信息，社会和政治结构，互惠的关系，等等），见参考文献。它使我们可以解释为什么在上述案例中后者街区（包括居民）的损害小于前者。此外，它可以设想一个灾难是不利的自然现象和特殊弱势群体的结合所导致的。最后，但并非是最不重要的，这也使得我们制定一个一般方式去减轻灾害的影响，显然包括漏洞的减少。

Disastersrsquo;effects mitigation is an issue of growing importance in the current globalised world, and not only for humanitarian reasons. As shown in Ref, the impact of a disaster in a region, if not treated properly, could produce political and social instability and affect to international safety and relations. Moreover, as pointed out in Ref, there is some evidence of an increasing trend of weather-related hazards, due perhaps to climate changes.

减少灾害影响是全球化的世界中日益重要的问题，当然不仅是出于人道主义原因。如图参考，一场灾难在地区的影响，如果不妥善处理，可能会产生政治和社会不稳定，影响国际安全和关系。此外，如在参考文献指出，还有一些证据表明与天气有关的灾害有增加的趋势，这可能是由于气候变化所致。

Agreeing with the Comprehensive Emergency Management framework , disastersrsquo; mitigation (or equivalently, vulnerabilityrsquo;s reduction), is a task which usually implies several phases, as preparation, response or recuperation. It is important to note that action should be carried out before, during and after the disaster strike. As already pointed out, the concept of communityrsquo;s vulnerability reflects a complex reality which comprises physical as well as psycho-sociological factors interacting among them and with the natural phenomena. As a consequence, disaster management and mitigation is not an easy task and usually requires a big amount of analysis and resources in order to design the right policy (reduce vulnerability) at the right place (vulnerable groups) . Such a complexity suggests the introduction of the decision support (DSS) methodology in order to, for instance, assess vulnerability or develop emergency planning .

综合应急管理框架灾害缓解（或等价，漏洞的减少），是一个通常意味着几个阶段，如准备，响应或疗养的任务。注意在灾害发生之前、之中、之后采取行动是很重要的。正如所指出的那样，社会的漏洞的概念反映了一个复杂的现实，它包括物理，以及它们之间和与自然现象的互动心理社会因素。因此，灾害管理和减灾并不是一件容易的任务，通常需要大量的分析和资源来在正确的地方（弱势群体）设计正确的决策（减少脆弱性）。这种复杂性表明引入决策支持方法是为了评估脆弱性或开发应急计划。<!--

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