美国国情咨文的隐喻架构研究A Study of Constructing Metaphorical Framing model of the State of the Union Address开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1．结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写2000字左右的文献综述：political discourse is a tool of political communication. the speech of the head of state represents the views of the government. therefore, political discourse is served as a window for the public to understand the general policies of the country. the state of the union address is one of the ways of communication between the president and the congress. it mainly elaborates situations at home and aboard each year and the policy proposals for the next legislative session. with the advent of radio, television, and the internet, the state of the union address has increasingly become an important means of president to play a leading role. an analysis of the state of the union address can help people better understand american political culture. when it comes to political discourse, cognitive linguists study conceptual metaphors in it. while they tend to focus on the language level, less on analysis of thinking and exploration of audience feeling. therefore, within the framework of second-generation cognitive science, this paper focuses on the frames and metaphors behind the expressions of facts rather than facts themselves. specifically, this thesis takes the state of the union address of the united states from 2001 to 2016 on health insurance as the research corpus, applying the frame theory and conceptual metaphor theory to make a comparative analysis of frames and metaphors they used. 1. literature review1.1 definitions of metaphor and frame metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, which is closey related to the law of development of human language, but also a cognitive phenomenon that is associated with a mans way of thinking. metaphor becomes a matter of central concern not only in every language, but, first of all, in our conceptual system, in the very structure of our thought. as lakoff and johnson pointed in metaphors we live by, the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much of a matter of metaphor. the locus of metaphor is not in languae at all, but in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. the general theory of metaphor is given by characterizing such cross-domain mappings (lakoff 1993). metaphor is not only an important way of thinking, but also plays an important role in sense-making and coherence in language. the coherence is implicit in the discourse which is connected by the relevance of the elements of metaphorical mechanism. as a result, researches on metaphor need to be conducted at lexical and syntactic level even at discourse level.frame is a deeply ingrained cognitive structure about how the world works (lakoff, 2004,2008). frame is usually represented through the main tools of our mental activities, such as metaphor, imagery, cultural stories and their neural connections to the emotional centers ofbrain. the literal meaning of words is just part of the frame semantics. frame has features that conventional metaphors don't. frame, startingwith narrative, provides logic for our thinking and reasoning. it is more dynamic, appealing, and acceptable, and can be used to see clearly deep social ethical values (wang shaohua, 2011). a word may activate one or more frame and frame. frame is closely associated with metaphor. if there is a mapping between two frames, it is a metaphor.1.2 theoretical frameworks1.2.1 conceptual mataphor theory one of the major findings of cognitive and brain science is that we employ conceptual metaphors and frames to think consciously or unconsciously. conceptual metaphor is a neural connection builded through coactivation, mapping from a familiar and comprehensible source domain frame to a less familiar target domain frame which is hard to understand. take understanding is seeing as example. understanding refers to an abstract process of thinking, while seeing represents a specific sensory faculty. metaphor not only highlights one aspect of reality, but also hides other aspects, thus exerting a persuasiveness on the audience（lakoff uprising means that some people live under an unfair rule or they believe the rule is unjust. in the sense, they will try to rid of the ruler and see the escape as a good thing. given the disparity between experience, the frame in each brain is different and the frame evoked by metaphor is hard to change. metaphorical thinking can be accepted only when it is consistent with the frame in brains, not vice versa.1.3 overview of previous studiesresearch on the metaphorical framing is an important topic in critical discourse analysis. some scholars abroad analyzed the political speeches of the two parties in the united states based on frame theory (deason moses gonzales, 2014). lakoff (1996) illustrated that the two parties in the united states held different values and adopted different national policies based on two family metaphors. from perspective of analogical reasoning, musolff (2004) studied conceptual metaphor and ideology in european political discourse in analysis of corpus. charteris-black (2006) explored the role of metaphor in the right-wing political communication on the issue of legalization of immigration policy in the 2005 general election in britain. applying lakoff's american two-party moral models, moses gonzales (2015) examined the moral language in the american president'stv speeches from 1980 to 2012 and found that the biggest difference between the two parties lies in "the nurturant parent model". at home, most political discourse studies focused on the structure, function and relationship between discourse and society (xin bin, 2008; wen xu, 2014). adopting frame theory, wang shaohua (2017) compared and analyzed the different metaphorical framing models in the bushs and obamas speeches on environmental protection. taking the scripts of the u.s. presidential first debate in 2012 on economy as its data, wang shaohua and yuan hongmei (2016) made a contrastive study of metaphorical framing within the framework of framing theory, conceptual metaphor theory, and analyzed the political game strategies of obama and romney and concluded the main frames and reframing they used from the public perspective.1.4 research gapalthough previous researches have made great progress in metaphorical framing model, thereisstill plenty ofroomleftforfurtherexploration.in terms of research theory, most previous researches on metaphorical framing model are based on sociology and from the perpective of cognition and phycology. most of them began with the concept. although such studies have advanced our understanding, they have not adequately explored the reasons behind frames and metaphors and their acceptability by the public. in terms of research discourse genre, threre are few existing studies on metaphorical framing model on political discourse, especially on the state of the union address. the present study bridges the gap above and throws new light on study of metaphorical framing model.referencesboyd, michael s. (2013). reframing the american dreamconceptual metaphor and personal pronouns in the 2008 us presidential debates. in piotr cap, urszula okulska (eds.) analyzing genres in political communicationdiscourse approaches to politics, soceity and culture. amsterdam: john benjamins, (50), 297-320.charteris-black, j. (2004). corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. new york: palgrave macmillan.charteris-black, j. (2006). britain as a container: immigration metaphors in the 2005 election campaign. discourse society 17(5), 563-581.cienki, a. (2004). bushs and gores language and gestures in the 2000 us presidential debates：a test case for two models of metaphors. journal of language and politics，(3), 409440．cienki，a．(2005a). metaphor in thestrict fatherandnurturant parentcognitive models：theoretical issues raised in an empirical study. cognitive linguistics，16(2), 279312.cienk，a. (2005b) the maphorical use of family terms versus other nouns in political debates. information design journal document design, (13), 2739．deason, g gonzales, m. h. (2012). moral politics in the 2008 presidential convention acceptance speeches. basic and applied social psychology,34(3): 254-268.fillmore, c. j. (1985). frames and the semantics of understanding.quaderni di semantica 6(2),222-254.gilbert, s. f.(1979). the metaphorical structuring of social perceptions. soundings 62:166- 186. goatly，a.(2002). conflicting metaphors in the hong kong special administrative region educational reform proposals .metaphor and symbol 17(4), 263-294. goffman, e. (1974). frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. cambridge: harvard university press.lakoff, g. (1987). women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. chicago: the university o f chicago press.lakoff, g. (1993). the contemporary theory of metaphor. metaphor and thought. (2), 202-251.lakof,g. (1996/2002). moral politics:how liberals and conservatives think. chicago: the university of chicago press.lakoff, g. (2004). dont think of an elephant! know your values and frame the debate. hartford: chelsea green publishing.lakoff, g. (2008). the political mind: why you cant understand 21st century politics with an 18th century brain. new york: penguin.lakoff, g. 397.musolf, a. (2004). metaphor and political discourse:analogical reasoning in debates about europe. basingstoke:palgrave macmilan.scacco, j. (2009). shaping economic reality: a critical metaphor analysis of president barack obamas economic language during his first 100 days. georgetown universitys journal of communication, culture technology, volume x issue i．胡元江、陈晓雨（2018），基于语料库的美国总统演讲语篇外壳名词研究以特朗普就职前后演讲为例，《外国语文》,（4）：81-86。

胡元江（2019），中美政府年度工作报告词族搭配特征的政治语言学研究以develop为例，《外语研究》，(5）：14-19。

胡元江、钱露（2019），趋同论视角下政治语篇的合法化研究以白宫发言人涉朝话语为例《外语学刊》，（5）：18-23。

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Data collectionThe discourses were extracted from the White Houses official website in the section the state of the union address. This study chose the addresses released from 2001 to 2016.After that, corpora are classified according to different issues. To be more specific, there are two steps to process the data. First, invalid information is removed like the greetings, titles and irrelevantcontent. Second, observe and enumerate the conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions in the addresses to make a comparison and judgement. Data analysisBased on the data collected, this current study aims to make a contrastive study of metaphorical framing within the framework of frame theory, conceptual metaphor theory, and the morality models of the American Republican Party and Democratic Party. After referring to previous researches, some metaphors are easily identified, for examples, Journey Metaphor and Building Metaphor. The study attempts to analyze the causes of using metaphors and identify the persuasiveness and acceptability of metaphors.