An Analysis of Character Image Design of Dick Diver in Tender Is the Night through Conversational Implicature Based on the Cooperative Principle 基于合作原则分析会话含义对《夜色温柔》中迪克人物形象塑造的作用开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1.Introduction1.1Research backgroundTender is the night is a classic biographical novel created by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, who is a legendary American writer in the 1920s and 1930s. Hailed as the representative writer of the 'Lost Generation' and the poet laureate of the 'Jazz Age,' Fitzgerald experienced the economic poverty of his youth, the glory of overnight fame, and the decline of his career. He lived with his wife in the debauched jazz age, and his vivid depictions of American life in the 1920s and 1930s became a legend in American literary history. Fitzgerald's novel creation is a kind of self experience writing with autobiographical tendency. Based on his real life and through his novel creation, he carefully depicts his era and social style, expressing his personal self-consciousness, thoughts and feelings.It took Fitzgerald nine years to complete Tender is the night. The novel tells a story of Dick Diver, a young and promising psychiatrist, going to Vienna to study clinical psychology after World War I. When working for a clinic in Zurich, he fell in love with pretty young Nicole Warren, one of his patients and later got married with her. After marriage, the rich heiress Nicole recovered day by day under Dick's wholehearted care. However, after recovery, Nicole abandoned Dick and fell in love with Tommy, who had worn military uniforms in eight countries. Dick was physically and mentally exhausted in the process of helping Nicole recover, abandoned his career and got disillusioned. Later, he met and fell in love with Hollywood actress Rosemary on vacation. A few years later, when Dick and rosemary met again, he had an extramarital affair. After his divorce from Nicole, he also left Rosemary and gradually moved away from the big city and between the small towns. The process of Dicks fall from a rich personality charm and clean psychologist step by step to self-indulgence and eventually self degradation reflects the post-war world bourgeois emptiness, disillusionment, and human oppression and distortion. In the novel, Fitzgerald denounces and castigates Dick's life and love experiences, the terrible indifference and selfishness of the upper class, deeply exposing and criticizing the spiritual essence of the unrealistic "American Dream", and making an in-depth analysis of and reflection on the personality division in the "Jazz Age". Thecharacterizationinthisnovelhasattractedtheinterestofmanyresearchers,butmostoftheresearchislimitedtotraditionalliterature,andfewarefromtheperspectiveofliterarypragmatics.Literary pragmatics originated in 1980s and developed in1990s. Dutch linguistics Teun A.van Dijk and American literary linguist Pratt are the earliest scholars who use literary pragmatics in their study on literary works. In China, there are similar theories. For example, Tu (2011) proposes that literary pragmatics has to analyze the evolution process of literary language.Inspiredbythesestudies,thispaperwillalsostudycharacterizationfromthe perspective of literarypragmatics andchoosecooperative principleasatheoreticaltoolforanalysis.Cooperative principle is one of the most important components of pragmatics, which was put forward by Grice in 1967. Grice argues that when you participate in the conversation, you should make what you say conform to the recognized purpose or direction of the conversation you participate in. Grice believes that people's normal language communication is not a combination of a series of unrelated words, and speakers cooperate with each other. The interlocutors of the dialogue have a common purpose, at least in a mutually acceptable direction. In order to achieve this goal, interlocutors should jointly abide by one principle: make their words meet the needs of the common purpose of all parties. However, people dont observe the principle all the time, when the speaker deliberately violates the cooperative principle, the hearer knows that the real meaning of the speaker should be understood from the implied meaning rather than from the literal meaning. Therefore, the violation of the cooperative principle is the beginning of conversational implicature (Grice, 1975). And Dick Diver, the main character of Tender is the night, often talks in ad distinctive way, furthermore, his image can be shaped when he flouts the cooperative principle. It brings us a brand new idea to learn the relationship between the characterization and pragmatics.1.2 Need for the studyIn current research, scholars usually study characterization from a literary perspective. But few people find that literary pragmatics also plays a great role in characterization. This paper aims to study whether language violates the cooperative principle and its conversational meaning, and try to analyze the changes of characters through the changes of characters' front and back dialogue. The reason for choosing this novel is that, on the one hand, it represents the decadent and decadent life state of people in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. On the other hand, the characters in the novel have distinctive personalities, especially Dick, who has undergone great changes in both language and character. By choosing to analyze the characters in the novel from the perspective of literary pragmatics, this study attempts to interpret the novel from a perspective different from the common way, hoping to draw some different conclusions.1.3 Outline of the thesisThis paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter includes the introduction of the research background, the research purpose and the main structure of the article. The second chapter literature review includes the previous research on Dick or other characters in the gentle night, as well as the previous research on the cooperative principle in the field of literature. The third chapter briefly introduces the different characteristics of the four principles in the cooperative principle. The fourth chapter, It is also the main part of the article. This chapter will extract the dialogue between characters and secondary characters in different periods and scenes, and analyze the character image by analyzing the dialogue. In the last chapter, the main content is to summarize the conclusions and limitations of the article, and put forward suggestions for future research.2.Literature review2.1Studies of Tender is the nightIn fact, from the existing research, it is found that scholars mainly study the characterization of Tender is the night from the perspective of literature, and rarely from the perspective of linguistics or pragmatics. First of all, from the perspective of literature, Que (2021) analyzed the three kinds of loss from the shame model and studied the moral decline of Dick Diver. Li (2020) studied Dicks personality from the perspective of attitude in appraisal theory. Chen (2008) directly analyzed Dicks characterization from environment and social background.The above are all literary perspective. Only a few researchers study it in a linguistic way, such as Wu (2020). Through the analysis of Dicks conversation at different stages and the use of the principle of politeness, she exposed the change of the character and showed that politeness and impoliteness strategies are of positive significance for characterization as well as revealing the themes. However, she paid too much attention to analyzing the conversation and overlooked the characterization. 2.2Studies of literary pragmaticsLiterary pragmatics combines pragmatics with literary research, regarding literature as a kind of communication. Teun A. van Dijk (1976) believes theres a huge cooperation space for two subjects, while Pratt (1977) borrows Speech Act theory from pragmatics to analyze the literary works. Speech Act theory, cooperative principle, politeness principle and discourse analysis are all important parts of pragmatics and are also significant to analyze different literary works. Tu (2011) proposes that literary pragmatics must be analyzed with literary language, because literature and pragmatics are changing over time. According to Leech (1983), there is no conflict between literary language and natural language, so it is efficient to use pragmatics to analyze literary texts which may bring out the theme and characters in a better way.Swirski (1996) applies cooperative principle to analyze conversation, and draws a conclusion that characters in the fiction are the same as people in reality, because sometimes they dont express directly, in this case, when the literary meaning isnt real intention of the character, communication between character and reader breeding, furthermore, reading itself is communication. 2.3 Studies of Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature The cooperative principle was first proposed by Grice H.P. in 1967. He put forward the theory and divided it into four maxims: the maxim of quantity, quality, manner and relation. Generally speaking, if theses four maxims are followed, you can sure the smooth of the conversation. However, some people may flout any or some of the maxims and hence producing the implied meaning which is called conversational implicature.Hu (2007), the first person that introduced cooperative principle into China and complied this theory in his famous book Pragmatics. Besides the analysis from the angle of linguistics, the cooperative principle has been applied to many fields. Scholars tried to apply it to different areas, such as literature. People usually use this theory to analyze novels, movies, plays, etc. They focus on the conversational meaning and analyze the real intention of people's dialogue. Through a series of analysis, people find that the violation of the principle of cooperation can help create richer characters and promote the further development of the plot, Wang (2011), for example, found that, The conversational implicature produced by the violation of the cooperative principle by different characters in the dialogue is closely related to their characters and helps to shape different characters. Different people have different views. Lu (2016) analyzes the conversation in House of Cards, concluding that it is easier to implement characterization of the people when when flouting the four maxims. Jiang (2012) analyze the conversation in real world, arguing that the conversation is dynamic.There are many excellent studies about conversational implicature abroad. Gauker (2001) has put forward a different idea that listener cannot follow the speakers thought. They can figure out the real intention of the speaker through the whole context. From the above examples, conversational implicature does play a great role in literary works. However, the analysis of conversational implicature requires us to treat it more carefully, because the implied meaning is often hidden in the characters' casual dialogue, which is difficult to be found. Researchers need to understand not only the characters' real intention, but also the authors' real intention.

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

The article will mainly study the following three questions:1. How do the key figures abide by or violate the cooperative principle?2. What changes does the observance or violation of the principle of cooperation bring to the character image?3. What are the reasons for these changes?This paper studies how the conversational implicature generated by the violation of the cooperative principle helps to shape the characters. This study mainly analyzes different types of dialogue in the three periods of Dick's character transformation. Mainly using the method of comparison, through the comparison of the characteristics of the character dialogue in different periods, this paper shows the changes of Dick's character's he art, character and thought, so as to study the role of the violation of the principle of cooperation in the article.