基于功能对等理论下的喜剧字幕翻译—以《摩登家庭》为例 On the Translation of American Comedies from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory–A Case Study of Modern Family开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义

从《摩登家庭》中寻找实例来证明，功能对等理论对字幕翻译有指导作用，在功能对等理论的指导下，能找到更适合美国喜剧字幕翻译的翻译方法，从而实现字幕翻译。

本论文旨在证明奈达的功能对等理论对字幕翻译方法的选择和使用具有指导作用

2. 文献综述

Nidas Functional Equivalence TheoryEugene A.Nida established functional equivalence theory which has a high position in contemporary translation researches. In 1964, Nida mentioned two concepts--formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence in his book Toward a Science of Translation.Main Ideas of Functional Equivalence TheoryNida believes that formal equivalence focuses on the form and content of the information. Based on the formal equivalence, the translator strives to make the information in the recipients language approach the various components of the source language as closely as possible. This requires the translator to concentrate on the correspondence between words and words, phrases and phrases while translating. In reality, however, it's difficult to achieve complete equivalence. There is a wide gap between Chinese and English which reflects not only in grammatical problems such as word change, sentence pattern, and order, but also in cultural. Therefore, most of time, it is impossible to achieve complete equivalence.However, dynamic equivalence takes the needs and acceptance capabilities of target readers into account. Whats more, Nida has also raised the importance of targeted readers reactions to an unprecedented level. Dynamic equivalence refers to the response of target readers to translations that is basically the same as that of original readers. From this point on, whether or not the readers reaction to translation can be consistent with the original readers reaction to the original text has become an important criterion for measuring the success of translation. This also requires translators to take both formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence into account in the reaction process. For the sake of better understanding, Nida changed dynamic equivalence into functional equivalence.Principles of Functional Equivalence Theory There are four principles for dynamic equivalence.The first principle is that the translation must be meaningful. In other words, the translation should have content and be readable. The second principle is that the translation should convey the original spirit and style. Although the significance is crucial, the beauty of the original style and form should be given. The third principle is that the expression of the translation should be natural and smooth. In order to avoid the wording from being accepted by the audience, the idioms should be used to express fluency. The last principle is that target audience should have the same reaction with source audience after coming into contact with the work. This is the most important feature of the functional equivalence translation theory.Translation Methods for Subtitle TranslationNidas Functional Equivalence Theory mainly focuses on the accuracy and equivalence of function between two languages instead of the similarity of language forms. Hence, three main translation methodsannotation, amplification and subtraction to translate subtitles are proposed under functional equivalence theory.AnnotationAnnotation is a form of formal equivalence, and it is most capable of retaining the original linguistic flavor. Annotation completely retains the form of the source language. The meaning does not comprehend the explanation by the annotation. This allows the translated language audience to understand the sentence from the perspective of the source language audience. While taking both equivalence of content and equivalence of the forms into account, to some extent, annotation is an interpretation of the ideal of functional equivalence theory.2.4.2 AmplificationAmplification refers to the method of translating the words that exist in the source language and need to be interpreted in the translated language. Appropriate amplification can make the semantics clearer and does not hinder the smoothness of sentences. For being loyal to the original context and expressing the implied meaning of it, a good translation is usually longer in form than the original text, especially when the content of the original text is closely related to the historical and cultural background of the language. This fits the requirements of dynamic equivalence in Nidas functional equivalence theory. It focuses on the response of target readers to translations that is basically the same as that of original readers.SubtractionSubtraction refers to the translation method that part of the source language that is not easy or needed to be clearly explained in the source language. It is a great success that translators can translate lines into Chinese and let Chinese people understand it. Therefore, if there is a noun or a cultural phenomenon that is very strange to the Chinese audience in the film, and ignoring it does not affect the audiences understanding of the whole movie. At this time, the translator totally can skip to explain it. Although it omits comprehensive explanation of lines, it will not affect audiences understanding of the plot. It fit Nidas dynamic theory that the target readers reaction to translation can be consistent with the original readers reaction to the original textLiteral Translation Literal translation is a method of translation that preserves both the original text and the original form of the text. It pays more attention to the word-for-word translation during the process of subtitle translation.

3. 设计方案和技术路线

文献资料法对比研究法

4. 工作计划

1.论文结构需要调整2.文献综述部分就应该对功能对等理论有所介绍3.章节与章节之间的紧密性不够，每一章节显得过于独立1．摘要部分没有突出重点，让人很疑惑2．文献综述部分不能仅仅是介绍字幕翻译的历史发展，而要结合理论3．正文中写到的三种方法在文献综述部分没有体现4．逻辑要理清，应该是要要证明功能对等理论具有指导作用，而不是这几种翻译方法适用于美国喜剧字幕翻译1.文献综述部分不能写功能对等理论下的字幕翻译方法，而是列举多种字幕翻译的方法，而这中间的几种方法更能够实现功能对等理论2.添加功能对等理论的几大原则1.文中的语法错误，需要通读论文，改正语法错误2.标点后需要空格3.参考文献格式要改正

5. 难点与创新点

现今，时代飞速发展，科技不断进步，中西方文化也一直处于交流、碰撞与融合的状态，西方文化不断传入我国，影视文化逐渐成为一种人们了解和学习西方文化的重要途径。

而饱含幽默和娱乐性的美国喜剧越来越多地进入到人们的视野中，广受喜爱，美国喜剧字幕也随之受到了广泛的关注，然而由于不同国家之前文化的不同，以源语言传入我国会影响观众的观看体验和文化的一个传输，因此正确选择字幕翻译的理论指导成为了关键。

我选用目前广受喜爱的美国喜剧《摩登家庭》作为研究对象，并且以奈达的功能对等理论为指导，着重研究奈达的功能对等理论对字幕翻译的指导作用。