Key development factors of the transit and transport potential of Kazakhstan for China开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Kanat Almagambetov (2020), first deputy chairman of the KazakhTemirZholy Board says that Consistency and friendly relations made it possible to complete the tasks set before us, paving the way for greater cooperation. The dynamic growth in cargo transportation speaks to our fruitful cooperation, Many people argue that Transit potential is a powerful mechanism for realizing the country's capabilities and ensuring international transport flows between different regions. In these countries of the world, such as Holland, Singapore, Austria, etc., Transit is a significant income and plays an important role in the development of the economies of countries. Kazakhstan has a favorable geographical position in two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - this is a valuable strategic resource that allows the country to fully use its transit potential, ensure the effective integration of countries into the world economic system and thereby raise the country's economy to a new level. The Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country. The implementation of transit cooperation is one of the priority areas of the economic policy of Kazakhstan.Indeed, formation of Joint-Stock Company "National organization" "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy"(railway) was the start of acknowledgment of new changes in branch. All progressions are coordinated on change of a railway transportation of the nation into the cutting edge, profoundly powerful creature, which is naturally incorporated into mainland arrangement of transportations and skilled however much as could be expected to compare to prerequisites of customers in states of the created market rivalry.The infrastructure development G.A. Bodaubayeva, Ph.D. in Economics, Institute of Economics CS of the MES Republic of Kazakhstan It is important to pinpoint attention upon the coming outside the national territory for the creation of production transport-logistic facilities beyond Kazakhstan, having carefully computed our benefits. We should exceed the scope of existing views and form the joint ventures in the region and in the entire world in Europe, Asia, AmericaTransport in Kazakhstan is unevenly developed on the territory of the Republic, so the analysis of the situation in certain regions compared to others is of great importance. The main regional features of transport development are poor provision of transport infrastructure in rural areas and areas with low population density (Western and Central Kazakhstan). Since the railway system of Kazakhstan was developed in Soviet times, the railway routes were developed without taking into account inter-Soviet borders and the needs of Soviet arrangement. This caused anomalies, like the route from Uralsk to Aktobe, which now passes across Russian Federation. It also means that routes may not meet the needs of modern Kazakhstan.Zhang Hanhui, Chinese Ambassador (2017, March) thinks that one of the largest projects in the region is the automobile corridor Western Europe - Western China. The implementation of the project in the country began in 2009, and completion is planned for 2020. This automobile corridor will provide the shortest route for Chinese goods to Western European countries and return deliveries of machinery and equipment to the PRC, it will reduce the delivery time for goods between the EU and China by 3, 5 times. This project is important for the development of business, tourism, trade, and finance in Kazakhstan. The transit potential can be considered as one of the main strategic resources of the country. Its effectiveness has a positive effect on the economy, making it attractive for investment. The dynamically developing economy of China and its main trading partner, the European Union, create the prerequisites for the development of transit and export-import opportunities of Kazakhstan. Active trade and economic relations between the countries of Southeast, South and East Asia with the countries of Europe allow using transport communications of the countries of Central Asia, as well as creating an alternative land route as opposed to the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Southern Sea Route. Transit flows in the directions of Southeast and East Asia - Europe are estimated at about 330 - 400 billion US dollars, up to 20% of these flows can go through Kazakhstan, which is the profit indicator.https://strategy2050.kz/en/news/kazakhstan-china-increased-transportation-volume-by-26-in-2019/https://e-history.kz/en/expert/view/23https://astanatimes.com/2017/04/new-transport-corridor-opens-up-kazakhstan-china-transit-capacities/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/integratsiya-transportnoy-sistemy-kazahstana-vo-vsemirnuyu-ekonomicheskuyu-sistemu/viewerhttps://transportgeography.org/?page_id=6436https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2018.1450799https://articlekz.com/article/16628http://mfa.gov.kz/en/addis-ababa/content-view/rynkihttps://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/publications/Report_-_Kazakhstan_as_a_transport_logistics_centre_Europe-Asia.pdf

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Since ancient times the location of the Great Kazakh steppe has always been special due to its importance on a global scale. For instance, caravans of the Great Silk Road always had been accepted by Kazakh nation (Kazakhstan as a Republic at that time wasnt established yet) in the place of their settlements. As long as Kazakh humanity has been located in the middle of Central Asia and the Silk Road started from borders of China, the territory of Kazakh people was the most convenient and the safest place to go through and then step to the West and to European side. In other words, Kazakh location was used as an entering gate to different parts of the World. The geographical location of the Republic of Kazakhstan is at the middle of Asia and Europe, between two economy-giant countries for today Russia and China, and other Central Asian countries around such as Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.The most admitting advantage of Kazakhstan for sure its individual geographical position which reveals its valuable transport potential on the field of transit traffic. Transportation process is usually carried out from Europe to Asia, specifically, to the West part of China, and then to the South-East Asia countries through the territory of Kazakhstan by road, rail and Air services. The relationship between Kazakhstan and Peoples Republic of China was established at the end of 20th century, when both countries were searching the ways to strengthen ties with neighboring nations and improve the economical condition within the country. Through import and export transportation and the transit of Chinese products to the other countries both parties get significant benefit. However, despite such strength as a variety of shipping options and an opportunity to send goods in a different direction, there is also the list of weaknesses that can be potentially developed and lead to greater productivity and profitability in both China and Kazakhstan. As long as Kazakhstan is developing country, this research seems appropriate to establish further options for developing and estimate how China will also benefit from Kazakhstans development of transit and transportation.Need for the study This thesis has both practical and academic meanings. The growing potential of Kazakhstan due to its location and nature resources was always on a high level. The government of Kazakhstan always aims to enlarge the economic field and increase the internal and external wealth of the country. So, this study will explore the role transportation plays in the countrys economy and how the development of this particular industry can affect the eventual result in reality. Since the topic of transportation also applies to other countries, this research will investigate the influence of Kazakhstans transportation activity growth on Chinas economic status, because previous studies do not cover this topic in that detail.Transit potential of Kazakhstan Transportation of Kazakhstan is a significant and quickly creating part of the economy of Kazakhstan. A few kinds of transport are portrayed by the monopoly of a predetermined number of organizations in the administrations showcase (pipeline transport, rail and air transport), and the other part (water transport and car) is described by a serious domain. Promising directions for the implementation of the transit potential for Kazakhstan: through Russia to the EU countries; to China, Japan, countries of Southeast Asia; through the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus to Iran and Turkey. In each of these directions, there are transport corridors, both on land and on waterways. New transport routes are also being developed. Two transport hubs are of particular importance in the Republic of Kazakhstan - the Dostyk-Alashankou railway pass in the east of the country and the Aktau seaport in the west.Transit through Kazakhstan has several advantages: Reducing the speed and distance from the manufacturer to Asian countries in Europe. Overland delivery time is reduced by 2-3 times. Also, stable political situation and favorable investment climate in the country makes it more convenient and builds trust among exporters. In addition, the creation of a single customs border between China and the EU countries facilitates customs clearance procedures and speeds up the process. Transit ProblemsTransport in Kazakhstan is unevenly developed on the territory of the Republic, so the analysis of the situation in certain regions compared to others is of great importance. The main regional features of transport development are poor provision of transport infrastructure in rural areas and areas with low population density (Western and Central Kazakhstan). Since the railway system of Kazakhstan was developed in Soviet times, the railway routes were developed without taking into account inter-Soviet borders and the needs of Soviet arrangement. This caused anomalies, like the route from Uralsk to Aktobe, which now passes across Russian Federation. It also means that routes may not meet the needs of modern Kazakhstan.Summarizing the results of the analysis of the general situation of the development of the transport complex in Kazakhstan, the following main trends should be noted: Compared to developed countries, Kazakhstans transport is still an uncompetitive industry, there is a tendency to a certain decrease in the share of transport in GDP and total investment, the industry is not characterized by sustainable development. Because of low level of transport infrastructure there is a significant deterioration of its facilities - from 40 to 100%, which leads to re-purchasing of the equipment. This somehow reduces the efficiency and profitability of the transition. Chinas transportation in KazakhstanOn 13-14 January 2020, the two delegations of KazakTemirZholy and Urumqi Railway held a working meeting at Altynkol and Khorgos stations to sum up the work of the border railways of Kazakhstan and China carried out in 2019, to review measures to execute the volume of cargo transportation in 2020. In 2019, the transportation volume between Kazakhstan and China was 17,556 thousand tons, 26% more than in 2018. From Kazakhstan 10,767 thousand tons were delivered, 27% higher than in 2018, and from China to 6,789 thousand tons, 24% higher than in 2018. All the cargo was transported through Dostyk - Alashankou border crossing - 13,347 thousand tons ( 18%), Altynkol - Khorgos - 4,209 thousand tons ( 55%). The parties agreed on taking concrete measures to ensure unhindered and accelerated passage of trains through border stations, and to increase container traffic along the China-Europe route via Kazakhstan. According to last years statistics, 584 freight trains departing from 17 Chinese cities passed through Kazakhstan to European countries. The rail transportation is much cheaper than air transportation and much faster than shipping. Goods from China to Europe are delivered in a month and a half by sea. The transportation takes two weeks or 10 days through Kazakhstan along the Silk Road. Kazakhstan significantly improved its services. The security of transported goods is guaranteed and the terms for customs are seriously shortened. You can register and skip the train every half hour. The possibility of loading empty trains in Europe for return transportation was also found. However, there are still ways to develop railway industry. For instance, building new high-speed trains can be extremely expensive, but in the long run it will definitely pay off.Research methodsDuring the examination of this study author will use secondary data, in particular, different journals related to the economy, books in English, Russian and Kazakh languages, author also will rely on the credible up to date Internet sourcing. Deduction method is also will be used, since the topic requires real thinking and making assumptions with logical predictions as well.