Vaginal microbiota and its immunomodulatory effect in gynecological diseases开题报告

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

Abstract：Vaginal microbiota, characterized by the relatively constant composition of Lactobacillus dominance, is closely related to gynecological health. Intervention on dysbiosis of microbiota composition is significant and promising in the treatment of gynecological diseases. Currently, the role of vaginal microbiota is gradually recognized under various regulation mechanism. In this review, we will discuss the role of vaginal microbiota focusing on its immunomodulatory effect in various gynecological infectious and non-infectious diseases, as well as the current and potential interventionsBackground of study:The goals of recent study were provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health and also demonstrated the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infection, as well as current challenges in implementing the use of lactobacilli derivatives in human health promotion.[1]very recent research shows, adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by unfavourable vaginal microbiota could be improved by cervical cerclage by remodelling the healthy reproductive tract environment.[2] Various aspects of the vaginal microenvironment in different stages of development and across ethnicities have recently been revealed. [10] Probiotics have been used to colonise the vaginal tract and prevent or treat infection for a long time and have a good safety record.It is widely acknowledged that LAB can help women maintain their vaginal health. Natural antimicrobials produced by probiotics will improve the survival and promote the growth of the native vaginal microbiota while inhibiting pathogen growth, thereby supporting the natural defense against pathogenic microorganisms. [7] The common non infectious diseases that were caused by physical injury, fertility problems, and endocrine disorders, and discuss the treatmenteffects of restoring Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota by antibiotic and probiotic interventions were well introduced. The therapeutic effects of restoring Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota in non-infectious diseases. Lactobacillus dominated vaginal microbiota not only benefit vaginal health by preventing vaginal infections and creating a non inflammatory environment, but they also prevent pathogens in the vagina from spreading to the cervix and uterus. Furthermore, vaginal Lactobacillus can move to the upper reproductive tract, preventing pathogens from infecting the cervix and uterus and creating a non inflammatory cervical and uterine environment [3].The current state of knowledge about the vaginal microbiome and its relationship to behaviour, sexual health, and STDs, including microbiome determinants that go beyond the individual level.[5].In a recent cohort study, prior BV was linked to a 3.5-fold increased risk of incident M. genitalium. [8]The findings of this study show that STI prevention strategies should include interventions that reduce BV and promote a protective vaginal microbiota in both high-risk and low-risk women. [9]The consistent link between non-coital sexual acts and BV could be explained by a similar mechanical transfer mechanism.For vaginal candidiasis and urinary tract infection, similar observations supporting the SED pathogenetic model have been made. Though male-to-female transmission cannot be ruled out, there is insufficient evidence that BV is a sexually transmitted infection. BV, on the other hand, could be thought of as a sexually enhanced disease, with frequency of intercourse being a key factor.[6]. There are similarities between the human and porcine female reproductive tracts, and the pig is proposed as a useful supplementary model of human genital Chlamydia infection. The pig model adds more predictive value to FGT studies than rodent models can. Although nonhuman primates are the closest relatives to humans, ethical concerns and the relative ease of working with pigs suggest that the pig could be an advantageous model of human reproductive disorders such as C. trachomatis infection. [4]

2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

Research plan:Microbiome research has grown dramatically in recent years, driven by technological advancements and a significant reduction in analysis costs. This research going to revealed a large quantity of data which focusing on its immunomodulatory effect in various gynecological infectious and non-infectious diseases, as well as the current and potential interventions. How probiotics might be bad for us? economic value/ efficiency. Probiotics information and how they work. This research we also discuss about preventing urogenital diseases such as Bacterial vaginosis (BV), Vaginal yeast infections, Acquisition and transmission of STIs (including HIV), Urinary tract infection. Not only about the diseases but also discuss resent invention of medicines and drugs which made by use of vaginal microbiota. Effects of vaginal microbiota on the metabolism of drugs. STIs are sexually transmitted infections that can contract by having sex with someone who is infected. There are over 20 different forms of STIs that can be transmitted through vaginal, oral, and anal sexual contact.Infections with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be painful and have significant consequences, including death. We also give a brief introduction serially about disease by STIS:1)GENITAL WARTS 10) HEPATITIS B2)CHANCROID 11)SCABIES3)TRICHOMONIASIS 12)GONORRHEA4)PELVIC INFLAMATORY DISEASE (PID)5)PUBIC LICE6)CHLAMYDIA7)GENITAL HERPES8)SYPHILIS 9）HIV/AIDSWe also going to discuss about an interesting bacterium and its life cycle which is very unique, because its can live and reproduce inside human cells. Which called Chlamydia and The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia, or a chlamydia infection, which is a sexually transmitted infection.Structure of the research:The research will be divided into five sections: abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology and findings, and references. The abstract emphasises the research topic, the research problem, the study's goals and objectives, the rationale, and the significance. It provides a concise summary of the research.The introduction includes background information as well as a brief overview of our topic. We determine the study variables as well as many theories and background spertaining to the views and opinions of various researchers in the literature review. Methodology identifies the methodologies and strategies used in a research study to assess the results, and it covers data collection methods and strategies, as well as ethical issues and constraints.Numerous strategies and procedures are used in findings to analysis and evaluate data obtained from various sources. This section is dominated by an analysis of the results and discussion. The study's final section is the conclusion and references. It summarises the study's findings and concludes the entire thing.Timetable:Feb March 2022Searching and reading past research paper sand literature reviews in relation to my topic, and outlining all relevant and important notes. Then writing research proposal and submitting. March-April 2022; After review and acceptance of proposal, conducting the research by performing all required experiments, noting down materials and collaborating with fellow students and adviser. April-May 2022; Writing of the thesis and consulting with adviser. June 2022; Submission of the thesis.References: 1: Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health Wallace Jeng Yang Chee , Shu Yih Chew and Leslie Thian Lung ThanChee et al. Microb Cell Fact (2020) 19:2032: Effects of vaginal microbiota and cervical cerclage on obstetric outcomes of twin pregnancies with cervical incompetence: a retrospective study Xuan Zhou XiaoxueLi2,Yimeng Ge3,Shaoyang Lai1,Luoqi Zhou1,Ling Feng1 Jie Zhao1,3,4,5 Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2022) 305:77863: Role of Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Gynecological Diseases and the Potential Interventions Yiwen Han1,2, Zhaoxia Liu1 * and Tingtao Chen1,3 * published: 18 June 20214: A review of the human vs. porcine female genital tract and associated immune system in the perspective of using minipigs as a model of human genital Chlamydia infection Emma Lorenzen1,2*, Frank Follmann2 , Gregers Jungersen3 and Jrgen S. Agerholm Lorenzen et al. Veterinary Research (2015) 46:1165: Vaginal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Behavior, Sexual Health, and SexuallyTransmitted Diseases Felicia M. T. Lewis, MD, Kyle T. Bernstein, PhD, MsC, and Sevgi O. Aral, PhD, MS (Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:64354)6: The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour Hans Verstraelen1*, Rita Verhelst2 , Mario Vaneechoutte1 , Marleen TemmermanVerstraelen et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010, 10:817: The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal Health Sandra Borges Joana Silva Paula Teixeira Arch Gynecol Obstet (2014) 289:4794898: Lokken EM, Balkus JE, Kiarie J, Hughes JP, Jaoko W, Totten PA et al (2017) Association of recent bacterial vaginosis with acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium. Am J Epidemiol 186:194201.9: Bacterial vaginosis-associated vaginal microbiota is an age-independent risk factor for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in low-risk women, St. Petersburg, Russia Elena Shipitsyna1 Tatiana Khusnutdinova1,2 Olga Budilovskaya1,2 Anna Krysanova1,2 Kira Shalepo1,2 Alevtina Savicheva1,2 Magnus Unemo3 European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases (2020) 39:1221123010: Recent advances in understanding of multifaceted changes in the vaginal microenvironment: implications in vaginal health and therapeutics Sushmita Das, Maloyjo Joyraj Bhattacharjee, Ashis K. Mukherjee Mojibur Rohman Khan 21 Mar 2022.