The Strategy-Focused Organization – How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment
Kaplan, R. S.amp;Norton, D. P.
Recently, strategic management has increasingly gained importance due to highly competitive markets. Global competition has a crucial influence not only on the market situation of firms, but also on the possible sources of financing for these companies. In the meantime, there exists a strong relationship between the communication of strategies through internal investor-relations-divisions and investment recommendations of financial analysts. Nevertheless, numerous empirical studies show that firms are not able to implement their strategy internally and communicate it to external addressees. The reason is often due to the use of the top-down management-process, which – according to the literature – is not only obsolete, but also inadequate to represent dynamic processes. In their recent book, Kaplan and Norton try to close the gap between the theoretical demand of a strategic Balanced Scorecard concept and its practical implementation. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) requires that the strategy of a company not only has to be pursued by top management, but also applied to all employee tasks. In“The Strategy-Focused Organization”, the authors share their results of ten years of research on more than 200 companies with respect to the practical applicability of this approach.
The book is organized into five logically consistent subjects that represent the main idea of the BSC concept:
In the first chapter, Kaplan and Norton introduce the five key principles required for building strategy focused organizations: (1) translate the strategy into operational terms, (2) align the organization to the strategy, (3) make strategy everyonersquo;s everyday job, (4) make strategy a continual process, and (5) mobilize change through strong, effective leadership. Using case studies involving companies such as Mobil, CIGNA, Nova Scotia Power, and ATamp;T, the authors show in the second chapter how the BSC can be practically adopted. The example of Mobil North American Marketing and Refining Company illustrates a company that has adopted the BSC concept including the five key principles mentioned above and thus has developed into a strategy-focused organization. The company in question has turned from a centralized manufacturer into a decentralized customer oriented firm. To implement a strategy successfully, employees need detailed information. Kaplan and Norton are of the opinion that until now there has been a lack of useful tools to communicate a companyrsquo;s strategy and the associated implementation processes internally. For this purpose, the authors have “developed” so-called strategy maps, which are introduced in chapters three and four. Strategy maps provide a logical and comprehensive tool to make a companyrsquo;s strategy transparent. Strategy maps can be used to describe a company with respect to its objectives, initiatives, target markets, performance measures, and the links between all the components of its strategy. Workers within the organization can more easily understand how their process is linked to the next level of targets, while managers also get a better overview of their strategic targets. Risks connected with strategic targets can be detected and adequate measures initiated to minimize risks. Ideally, risks can be eliminated completely. In chapter five, the authors give detailed examples of how a variety of organizations in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors have deployed these principles to achieve performance improvements. The sixth and seventh chapter demonstrate how an organization can be aligned towards its strategy. As in the preceding chapters, Kaplan and Norton provide numerous practical examples. In chapters eight through ten the authors explain one of the key principles for building a strategy-focused organization: a strategy should be an integral part of every employeersquo;s tasks. To reach this aim, it is necessary to achieve workersrsquo; acceptance. Moreover, the authors show how the BSC can be used for individual performance measurement on the part of the employees, by combining individual incentive schemes with performance measures. The authors show in chapters eleven and twelve that organizational strategy needs to be a continual planning process. The main problem of budgeting is the translation of a four to five year strategy into a yearly budget. This can be done using a step-down-procedure. Planning a budget with only a one year time horizon is not sufficient to ensure a continual development of the strategy. Employee feedback plays a crucial role as it indicates the acceptance of the strategy, and detects improvement opportunities. Operative and strategic problems can be identified in this way, and a continuous learning process can be initiated. In chapter thirteen, the authors stress once more that alignment of the organization towards its strategy is impossible without the cooperation and identification by management. In chapter fourteen, Kaplan and Norton list frequently made mistakes.
As Kaplan and Norton build on a long tradition of process-focused initiatives to improve quality, the underlying principles of the BSC are not new. Rather, the authorsrsquo; insight is in the linking of measures to successful outcomes. However, it should be noted that the book does not present new theoretical results. Instead, the key principles of the BSC already established in Kaplan and Nortonrsquo;s first book“The Balanced Scorecard” (1996), have now been translated into visions and strategies. These build the basis for strategy management and are illustrated through a variety of case studies and practical examples. This detailed approach demonstrates the practical use of the BSC. Rather than focusing on the formulation of a strategy, the authors choose to focus on strategy implementation. Kaplan and Norton show
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以战略为核心的组织——如何利用平衡计分卡在新的商业环境中茁壮成长
Kaplan, R. S.amp;Norton, D. P.
最近,激烈的市场竞争使得战略管理越来越重要。全球竞争不仅非常影响企业的市场状况,而且影响这些企业可能的融资来源。并且,企业内部投资者关系部门进行的战略沟通与金融分析师给出的投资建议之间存在着密切的关系。尽管如此,大量的实证研究表明企业无法在内部实施其战略并将信息传达给外部信息使用者。而原因常常是因为企业运用自上而下的管理程序,根据已有文献——这种管理程序不仅过时,而且不能适当地反映管理的动态过程。在Kaplan和Norton最近出版的书中,他们试图缩小战略平衡计分卡概念的理论需求与实际执行之间的差距。平衡计分卡(BSC)强调企业的战略不仅仅是最高管理层追求的目标,而且要适用于所有员工的日常工作。在《以战略为核心的组织》这本书中,作者分享了他们对超过200家公司的十年研究成果,就这种方法的实用性进行了分析。
本书划分为五个在逻辑上一致的章节,代表了BSC概念的主要思想:
在第一章中,Kaplan和Norton介绍了构建以战略为核心的组织所需的五个关键原则:(1)将战略转化为便于操作的具体项目;(2)使组织与战略始终保持一致;(3)制定每个员工在日常工作中的战略;(4)使战略成为一个持续的管理过程;(5)有力的领导实现企业改革。在第二章中,作者通过对美孚公司(Mobil),信诺集团(CIGNA),新斯科舍电力公司(Nova Scotia Power)和美国电话电报公司(AT&T)等的案例研究,展示了如何实际运用BSC来实现企业战略目标。美孚(Mobil)在北美的市场营销案例和炼油公司的案例说明了如果一家公司采用了BSC概念并已经实施了上述五个关键原则,那么它已经发展成为一个以战略为核心的组织。例如一家公司如果在客户方面的战略从集中几个关键制造商变为以分散客户为导向,为了成功实施这一战略,员工必须掌握详细具体的战略信息。而Kaplan和Norton认为直到现在公司都缺乏一种有用的工具来传达公司内部战略和战略的具体实施流程。为此,作者制定了“战略地图”来帮助战略的实施,有关“战略地图”的具体内容将在第三章和第四章中介绍。战略地图是一个合理而全面的工具,它能使公司的战略变得透明化。战略地图可以用来描述公司的战略目标、具体举措、目标市场、绩效指标以及战略所有组成部分之间的联系。组织内的工作人员可以轻松地了解他们的工作与下一级目标的关联程度,而管理人员也可以更好地了解他们的战略目标。战略地图还可以检测与战略目标相关的风险,并启动适当的措施以最大限度地降低风险。在理想情况下,战略地图可以将风险完全消除。在第五章中,作者详细列举了私营、公立和非营利组织如何部署五个关键原则来实现绩效改进。在第六章和第七章中,Kaplan和Norton提供了许多实际的例子来展示一个组织如何与其战略保持一致。在第八章至第十章中,作者解释了构建以战略为中心的组织的关键原则之一:战略应该成为每个员工日常工作的组成部分。为了最终实现战略目标,必须要员工先接受战略。此外,作者还展示了如何通过个人激励计划与绩效指标相结合从而将BSC用于员工个人绩效评估。在第十一章和第十二章中,作者指出组织战略需要成为持续的规划过程。这其中主要问题是如何将四到五年的战略转化为年度预算,因为仅用一年的时间来规划预算并不足以确保战略的持续发展,作者提出可以使用分解程序来完成。员工对战略的反馈意味着他们接受战略,管理层并能从中发现对战略的改进机会,因此员工反馈起着至关重要的作用。管理层可以通过这种方式区分操作性和战略性问题,并且可以启动持续的学习过程。在第十三章中,作者再次强调,如果没有管理层的合作和员工对战略的认同,组织就难以与其战略保持一致。在第十四章,Kaplan和Norton列出了在实施BSC时经常犯的错误。
由于Kaplan和Norton的理论建立在以流程为中心的质量改进计划这一传统基础上,他们所提出的BSC五个基本原则并不新鲜,而作者的独到的见解是将战略实施与成功结果联系起来。但是,应该指出的一点是这本书没有提出新的理论结果。Kaplan和Norton已经在1996年他们写的第一本有关平衡积分卡的书中建立了构建平衡计分卡的关键原则,而现在则是将BSC转化为企业的战略与愿景。这些原则构成了战略管理的基础,并通过各种案例研究和实例来加以说明,这证明了BSC的能在实际中被企业应用。在本书中作者并不专注于战略的制定,而是侧重于战略的实施。Kaplan和Norton展示了美孚(Mobil),信诺(CIGNA),新斯科舍电力(Nova Scotia Power)和美国电话电报(AT&T)等公司如何利用BSC这一先进的战略管理工具来达到战略目标甚至超越战略目标。这些组织是成功采用和扩展BSC概念的最好实例,因为它们将战略置于关键管理流程和系统的中心。BSC的批评者认为这种方法仅仅是90年代产生的一个新鲜事物,并不能被长久的运用。这种观点进一步得到加强,原因在于BSC总是用知名公司的卓越业绩记录来说明其卓越性,而不是建立在严肃的实证结果和理论讨论之上,特别是Kaplan和Norton的这本新书就是这种观点的又一个例子。
原则1:将战略转化为便于操作的具体项目。
战略被执行的前提是必须被理解。我们可以使用因果关系战略图来描述无形资产如何被利用起来并与其他资产结合来创造经济价值与客户价值。
你可以从四个不同的角度来看待这个问题:1.财务:从股东角度来制定增长、盈利和风险策略。2.客户:从客户角度出发制定价值和差异化的战略。3.内部业务流程:制定各种业务流程的战略重点,以提高客户和股东满意度。4.学习和成长:优先制定一种支持组织变革、创新和成长的企业环境。
原则2:使组织与战略始终保持一致。
在很多情况下,不同的业务部门都制定他们自己的战略,但是企业忘记将它们组合在一起,这样才能链接各部门的战略并使其一致,并且明确这些业务部门之间相互作用产生的协同作用。平衡记分卡可以阐明企业战略的两个要素:1.企业主旨:反映企业身份的价值观、信念和想法,必须由所有业务部门共享。2.企业角色:在管理层面授权行动,在业务部门层面形成协同效应。
业务部门和BSC之间的关联需要四个部分:1.服务协议(制定关于服务和成本的期望)。2.共享服务计分卡(反映支持服务协议的策略)。3.联动计分卡(接受对特定措施的改进)。4.客户反馈(来自客户对业务部门表现的反馈)。
原则3:制定每个员工在日常工作中的战略。
员工必须与战略保持一致,企业才能创造价值。以下是员工需要与组织目标保持一致的原因:公司关注员工满意度(薪酬,福利..)但这并不意味着员工对公司目标的承诺;公司声称员工是他们最宝贵的资产,但他们并不经常关注员工的工作态度和工作技能;并非所有员工对公司同等重要,因此公司并不总是将最佳薪酬或培训提供给那些直接影响客户体验与客户关系的员工。
如果你希望员工战略与战略保持一致,你必须让他们拥有提出使战略可行的创新想法的机会。三个流程可以帮助你将员工与战略联系起来:1.创建战略意识:人们必须首先了解并理解战略。2.定义个人和团队目标。3.将薪酬与平衡计分卡联系起来。
原则4:使战略成为一个持续的管理过程。
公司的管理运营通常不完全等同于战略。以战略为重点的组织要采用“双循环”流程,将预算管理和运营管理与战略管理相结合。采用这种流程可以让你完成三个重要的目标:链接战略和预算;关闭战略循环;测试、学习和适应。
作者还区分运营预算和战略预算。运营预算包括预测商品和服务的预期销售收入以及生产的预期费用。战略预算通常预测主观行动以缩短预期的突破性绩效与可能的绩效之间的计划差距。
原则5:有力领导实现企业改革。
领导者(在书中你会找到像Jack Welch这样的例子),他们成功地设定了卓越的目标,远远超出了组织的舒适区并且给出一个承诺。这些领导人还认识到使用目标值能更好的引导企业改革。提升战略的关键要素是:目标客户;对客户的价值主张;产品、服务和流程的创新;对员工与系统的投资。
获得所有中层管理人员,技术人员,销售人员,一线员工和后台员工的关注和支持是成功的关键,因此领导者应该关注他们对成功的看法和他们想要达到的目标。
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